For devs, text editors are the ultimate multitools, shaping how we create, manage, and transform raw data into meaningful output.

While modern editors like VS Code and Sublime Text have gained popularity for their sleek interfaces, there’s something timeless about the simplicity and power of classic tools.

Loved by some and feared by others, Vim is a text editor that has stood the test of time. Born from its predecessor Vi, Vim (Vi Improved) offers unparalleled speed, versatility, and control.

In this tutorial, you’ll learn what makes Vim so special. We’ll explore its commands, text filtering, and string manipulation capabilities to help you harness its true power.

What we’ll cover:

1. Text Editors in Linux

2. How to Open the Vim Editor

3. Modes in Vim

4. Basic Vim Commands

5. Cut, Copy, Paste, and Delete Commands

6. Search and Replace Commands

7. How to Read Files using more and less

8. Text Filters

9. Text Summarization Tool: wc

Text Editors in Linux

Linux provides a variety of text editors, each designed for different types of users – from beginners to advanced developers.

Editors like Nano are great for newcomers who need a simple, user-friendly experience in the terminal. Nano displays helpful commands at the bottom of the screen, making it easy to navigate without a steep learning curve.

Gedit, the default editor for the GNOME desktop environment, offers a clean, graphical interface ideal for basic text editing. On the other hand, Kate caters to KDE desktop users and provides a more feature-rich experience, with multiple windows, syntax highlighting, and an integrated terminal.

Emacs is a versatile and highly customizable editor that can be turned into an entire development environment, ideal for power users who want more than just a text editor.

VS Code and Atom are modern, graphical editors that offer a rich set of features, including extensions, debugging tools, and Git integration, making them favorites among developers.

Why Do Many Devs Prefer Vim?

Despite the wide range of text editors available in Linux, Vim stands out as the preferred choice for many users, especially those who need a lightweight, fast, and highly efficient editing environment.

Vim, an improved version of the classic Vi editor, is available on nearly every Linux distribution and can be used in both graphical and terminal-based environments. Its popularity stems from its exceptional speed and efficiency.

Vim is entirely keyboard-driven, allowing you to perform complex editing tasks quickly without the need for a mouse. This makes it incredibly useful for remote work, where you may have to rely on minimal system resources.

The power of Vim lies in its modal editing system, which separates the text input and command modes, which you’ll learn soon. This lets you execute precise actions with a few keystrokes. Whether you're navigating a file, searching for a string, or performing complex text manipulations, Vim enables you to do it all without taking your hands off the keyboard.

Because Vim (or Vi) is pre-installed on most Linux systems, it’s often the go-to option for developers and system administrators, who rely on its ubiquity and powerful features. In short, Vim’s combination of speed, versatility, and efficiency makes it the editor of choice for many Linux users looking to boost their productivity.

How to Open the Vim Editor

Opening a file in Vim is straightforward and efficient. To start editing any file, simply use the following command in your terminal:

vim [filename]

Here, replace [filename] with the name of the file you want to open. If the file doesn't exist, Vim will create a new file with that name. Once executed, Vim will open the file and allow you to start editing right away.

Example:

vim data.txt # A file that doesn't exist yet, so Vim creates a new file named data.txt

When you execute the command vim data.txt, Vim opened a new file named data.txt because a file with this name did not previously exist in the current directory. In Vim, this is indicated by the message at the bottom of the editor, which reads: data.txt [NEW]

If the file you want to edit already exists, you can open it in Vim by using the same command. You’ll be able to see its contents and make edits as needed. If you don’t see the [New] message at the bottom (as shown for new files), it confirms the file already exists.

Modes in Vim

Vim has several modes, but the most commonly used ones are:

• Normal Mode (Command Mode) – Used for navigation and executing commands.

• Insert Mode – Used for typing and editing text.

When you open a file in Vim, it starts in Command Mode by default. This mode allows you to navigate, execute commands, and perform various operations without directly modifying the text. To edit the text in the file, you need to switch to Insert Mode.

What is Command Mode?

Command Mode is the default mode in Vim. In this mode, you can navigate through the file using the arrow keys and cut, copy, paste, or delete the content and execute commands like saving or quitting.

To switch to Command Mode from any other mode, press the Esc key.

Example: If you are in Insert Mode and need to return to Command Mode to save or navigate, press Esc.

In the above image, "hello.txt" 1L, 1B” indicates that the file hello.txt is open and is currently in Command Mode, which is the default mode when you open Vim. 1L Represents 1 line in the file (currently the file is empty, so there’s just one blank line). 1B Represents 1 byte (the file is currently empty)

What is Insert Mode?

Insert Mode allows you to edit or type text in the file, similar to a traditional text editor. You can insert new lines, modify existing text, and make changes directly.

Press i while in Command Mode. This switches to Insert Mode and places the cursor at the current position, allowing you to start typing.

In the above image, “—INSERT—” indicates that the editor has been switched to Insert Mode, allowing you to type and edit text directly in the file.

Quick glance: When you open a file, always check the bottom of the terminal to determine your current mode. If the bottom line displays file-related information, you are in Command Mode. If the bottom line explicitly says -- INSERT --, you are in Insert Mode. If you want to go from Command Mode to Insert Mode: Press i. And from Insert Mode to Command Mode: Press Esc.

Basic Vim Commands

Below are some essential commands to help you manage files efficiently in Vim.

Note: Before using these commands, ensure you're in command mode by pressing Esc.

1. Save Changes

To save the changes made to a file, use the following command:

:w

This writes (saves) the current file without exiting Vim.

2. Save Changes and Quit

If you're done editing and want to save changes and exit Vim simultaneously, use:

:wq

This command writes the changes and then quits the editor.

3. Quit Without Saving Changes

If you wish to exit without saving any changes, you can use:

:q

This command will close the file if no changes have been made since the last save.

4. Force Quit Without Saving Changes

In case you've made changes to the file but want to exit without saving them, you can force quit with:

:q!

The ! overrides any unsaved changes and closes the file immediately.

Cut, Copy, Paste, and Delete Commands (Plus Others)

How to Position the Cursor for Text Manipulation

Before using any of the commands listed below (copy, cut, paste, and delete), it's important to understand where to place the cursor.

• Copy (Yank), Cut, Delete: For most operations, the cursor needs to be placed at the starting point of the text you want to act upon. This means if you're copying or cutting a word, place the cursor at the beginning of the word. If you're working with a line, the cursor should be anywhere on that line. For paragraph-based operations, position the cursor anywhere within the paragraph.

• Paste: The text will be pasted at the cursor's current position. So, ensure your cursor is placed where you want the copied or cut content to appear.

For example, Let’s say I have a file.txt that has the following content -

# file.txt
Hey readers,  
In this blog, we're learning Vim. This file is for demonstration purposes,
where we'll explore various editing commands like cut, copy, paste, and delete. Let's dive in!  

Vim is a powerful text editor that comes pre-installed on most Unix-based systems.
Mastering Vim can significantly boost your efficiency as a developer.  

To start with, let's learn some basic navigation and text manipulation commands.
Stay tuned as we break down each command with examples!

All the commands mentioned below will use this file as reference to explain examples.

1. Copy (Yank)

In Vim, copying is called "yanking." Use the following commands to copy text. The cursor's position is important to ensure the correct text is copied.

2. Cut (Change)

Cutting in Vim is known as "changing" the text. The cut operation replaces the text. Just like with copying, the cursor's position is important when using cut commands.

3. Paste

To paste the copied or cut text, use the following commands. The pasted text will appear at the current cursor position.

4. Delete

Deleting text in Vim allows you to remove unwanted text while remaining in command mode. The cursor must be positioned correctly to delete the intended text. Once deleted, you can still paste the deleted text to a new location.

5. Other Useful Commands

Note that Delete removes text but doesn’t store it in the system clipboard by default. The text goes into Vim’s unnamed register, meaning it can be pasted within Vim but not outside it. Cut explicitly stores text in the clipboard so you can paste it outside Vim as well.

Search and Replace Commands

Vim provides powerful search and replace functionality that allows you to find specific words or patterns and replace them efficiently. Understanding how to search and replace text is key to improving your productivity when editing large files.

Below is a breakdown of the various search and replace commands in Vim.

Search Commands

• Search Forward (/): When you want to search for a word or pattern below the cursor, use the / command. This will search forward in the file.

• Search Backward (?): Similarly, if you want to search for a word or pattern above the cursor, use the ? command. This will search backward in the file.

After performing a search, you can navigate through the search results:

• n: Go to the next match in the same direction (forward if /, backward if ?).

• N: Go to the previous match in the opposite direction (backward if /, forward if ?).

Replace Commands

Once you've located the word or pattern you want to replace, Vim provides several commands for replacing text.

Here’s an example:

In Vim, the /Tanishka pattern searches for an exact, case-sensitive match of the word "Tanishka."

To replace "Tanishka" with another word, like "Linux," you can use the substitution command like this: :s/Tanishka/Linux:

By default, this command replaces only the first occurrence of "Tanishka" in the line where the cursor is located.

If you want to replace all occurrences of "Tanishka" in the same line, you need to add the g (global) flag after the replacement string like this: :s/Tanishka/Linux/g.

This ensures that every instance of "Tanishka" in the current line is replaced with "Linux."

Similarly, the % symbol is used to specify the entire file when performing a substitution. Here's how it works in combination with the substitution command:

1. Replace the first occurrence in each line of the file:

   • :%s/Tanishka/Linux: This command replaces only the first occurrence of "Tanishka" in each line of the file.

2. Replace all occurrences in the entire file:

   • :%s/Tanishka/Linux/g: The addition of the g (global) flag ensures that all occurrences of "Tanishka" in every line of the file are replaced with "Linux."

How to Read Files using more and less

The cat command

The cat command is often used to read file content.

For example:

cat file.txt # Displays content of file

While the cat command is a straightforward tool for viewing file contents, its simplicity often falls short when working with large files or when precise navigation is required. That’s where the more and less commands come into play, offering enhanced functionality for viewing and navigating text efficiently.

The more Command

The more command allows you to view files one screen at a time, making it a significant upgrade from cat when dealing with large files. But it comes with limitations in terms of backward navigation and advanced features.

Here’s the syntax for more:

more [FILENAME]

And here’s an example:

more file.txt # Displays content of file.txt one page at a time

Keys used while viewing:

1. Spacebar: Moves forward by one page

2. Enter: Moves forward by one line

3. b: Moves back by one page

4. q: Quit and exit file content

The less Command

The less command is often considered a superior alternative to more due to its advanced navigation capabilities and flexibility. Unlike more, less allows both forward and backward navigation, making it ideal for reviewing large files or logs.

Here’s its syntax:

less [FILENAME]

And here’s an example:

less file.txt # Displays content of file.txt one page at a time

Keys used while viewing:

1. Spacebar: Moves forward by one page

2. Enter: Moves forward by one line

3. b: Moves back by one page

4. Up/Down arrow key: Moves up or down by one line

5. q: Quit and exit less

The only major difference between the more and less commands is that the less command allows bidirectional navigation, so it’s typically more convenient to use.

Text Filters

A text filter in Linux is a command-line utility that processes text data by modifying, extracting, or formatting it before outputting the result.

Horizontal filters

Horizontal filtering focuses on extracting, manipulating, or displaying specific lines of a file or command output. Common tools include head, tail, and grep.

1. head: The head command displays the first few lines of a file. By default, it shows the first 10 lines. Here’s its syntax:

    head [OPTIONS] [FILENAME]
   

   And here’s an example of how to use it:

    head file.txt # Displays first ten lines from file.txt
    head -n 5 file.txt # Displays first five lines from file.txt
   

2. tail: The tail command displays the last few lines of a file. By default, it shows the last 10 lines. Here’s its syntax:

    tail [OPTIONS] [FILENAME]
   

   And here’s an example:

    tail file.txt # Displays last ten lines from file.txt
    tail -n 5 file.txt # Displays last five lines from file.txt
   

3. grep: The grep command searches for patterns within a file or input. It filters out lines that match a given pattern. Here’s its syntax:

    grep [OPTIONS] [PATTERN] [FILENAME]
   

   Options:

   • -i: Case-insensitive search.

   • -v: Invert the match (exclude matching lines).

   • -n: Show line numbers of matches.

Example

    grep Tanishka data.txt # Displays lines that have 'Tanishka' in them
    grep -i Tanishka data.txt # Displays lines that have 'Tanishka' irrespective of case
    grep -v Tanishka data.txt # Displays lines that do not have 'Tanishka' in them
    grep -n Tanishka data.txt # Displays lines that have 'Tanishka' in them along with number line

Vertical Filters

1. cut: The cut command displays selected parts of lines from each file based on delimiters, byte positions, or character fields. Here’s its syntax:

    cut [OPTION] [FILENAME]
   

   It also comes with various options:

   • -c: Extract specific characters.

   • -b: Extract specific bytes.

   • -d: Specify a custom delimiter (default is tab).

     • cut -d ":" -f 2 file.txt → Second field separated by :.

   • -f: Extract specific fields.

     • cut -d "," -f 1,3 file.csv → Fields 1 and 3 from a CSV.

Example:

    cut -c 1-10 Sample.txt # Displays characters from position 1 to 10
    cut -c 5 Sample.txt # Displays character at position 5
    cut -c 3,5 Sample.txt # Displays characters from position 3 and 5 only
    cut -d " " -f 1 Sample.txt # Displays first field separated by a space
    cut -d " " -f 2 Sample.txt # Displays second field separated by a space
    cut -d " " -f 3 Sample.txt # Displays third field separated by a space
    cut -d " " -f 1-3 Sample.txt # Displays first to third fields separated by a space
    cut -d " " -f 1,3 Sample.txt # Displays first and third fields separated by a space
    cut -d ":" -f 5 /etc/passwd # Displays fifth field separated by : in /etc/passwd

Text Summarization Tool: wc

The wc (word count) command is used to display the number of lines, words, characters, or bytes in a file or input. It is a simple yet powerful utility you can use to summarize text content.

Here’s its syntax:

wc [OPTION] [FILENAME]

And here are its options:

• -l: Displays the number of lines.

• -w: Displays the number of words.

• -c: Displays the number of bytes.

• -m: Displays the number of characters (useful for multibyte characters).

• -L: Displays the length of the longest line.

Example:

wc Sample.txt # Displays line count, word count, and byte count in Sample.txt
wc -w Sample.txt # Displays number of words in Sample.txt
wc -l Sample.txt # Displays number of lines in Sample.txt
wc -L Sample.txt # Displays number of characters in longest line in Sample.txt

wc -c Sample.txt # Displays number of bytes in Sample.txt (Actual storage size)
wc -m Sample.txt # Displays number of characters in Sample.txt (Actual number of characters regardless of enoing)

# ABCD😄
wc -c above.txt # "ABCD" = 4 bytes + "😄" = 4 bytes. 4 + 4 = 8 bytes
wc -m above.txt # "ABC" = 4 + "😄" = 1 byte. 4 + 1 = 5 bytes

Final Words

In this article, we covered the basics of using Vim, a powerful and flexible text editor. We started with how to open a file in Vim and then you learned about its modes. You also learned how to navigate through files, edit text, and use features like search and replace to save time. We also explored a helpful summarization tool.

If you're new to Linux and want to build a strong foundation, check my previous article where I cover the basics of Linux, including essential commands and tips for beginners. It’s a perfect starting point to complement what you’ve learned about Vim here!

Keep practising these commands, and soon they'll become second nature to you. Mastery comes with repetition, so continue experimenting and applying these fundamentals in real-world scenarios.

Stay tuned for more articles. Get ready to take your RHEL skills to the next level.

Let’s connect!