What are Keyboard Shortcuts?

Keyboard shortcuts can save you a lot of time, and they are often used in modern operating systems and computer software packages. You can use them simply by invoking commands and a few keystrokes. This saves you from having to use mouse alone to access menu items and so on.

Here is a list of the most commonly used keyboard shortcuts – and I've also included a few lesser-known ones.

Even though some of these shortcuts work on Mac, the keyboard layout for Mac is a bit different. So I'll focus on the correct key combinations for a Windows computer.

Let's get started

First lets begin with the functional keys so we can see their roles:

Functional Key Shortcuts

Other Keyboard Shortcuts

==Alt key== combinations:

You can use the below combinations with the Alt key to perform the functions described: | Key| Function | | :------------- | :----------: | | Alt + Tab | Switch between open applications | | Alt + Shift + Tab | Switch backward between open applications | | Alt + F4 | Close the current open program | | Alt + F | File menu options in current program | | Alt + E | Edit options in current program |

==Ctrl key== Combinations:

You can use the below combinations with the Ctrl key to perform the functions described: | Key| Function | | :------------- | :----------: | | Ctrl + F4 | Close the current open window | | Ctrl + Esc | Open the start menu | | Ctrl + Alt + Del | Reboot/Open task manager | | Ctrl + Plus key | Adjust width of columns in window explorer | | Ctrl + C | Copy selected text | | Ctrl + V | Paste the copied text | | Ctrl + X | Cut selected text | | Ctrl + Ins | Copy selected item | | Ctrl + A | Select all text | | Ctrl + Home | Go to the beginning of the content | | Ctrl + End | Go to the end of the document | | Ctrl + Left Arrow | Move one word to the left at a time | | Ctrl + Right Arrow | Move one word to the right | | Ctrl + F | Search for a file in desktop, my computer, or explorer | | Ctrl + Z | Undo the last action | | Ctrl + Y | Redo an action | | Ctrl + Del | Delete file, text, or folder | | Ctrl + Shift | Switch keyboard layout | | Ctrl + Shift + Esc | Open task manager | | Ctrl + (+)/Ctrl + (-) | Zoom in and out, respectively | | Ctrl + R | Refresh active window |

==Shift key== Combinations:

You can use the below combinations with the Shift key to perform the functions described: | Key| Function | | :------------- | :----------: | | Shift + Del | Delete selected item without moving it to Recycle Bin | | Shift + Arrow | Select items | | Shift + F10 | Dispaly shortcut menu | | Shift + Ins | Paste selected item | | Shift + Home | Highlight from current position to beginning of line | | Shift + End | Highlight from current position to end of line |

==Windows key== Combinations

Now let's check the keyboard shortcuts involving the Windows logo key: | Key| Function | | :------------- | :----------: | | Win + Spacebar | Change input language and Keyboard layout | | Win + V | Open the clipboard history | | Win + E | Launch file explorer | | Win + plus+ | Open the magnifier tool | | Win + Enter | Launch the narrator | | Win + I | Open the settings in Windows | | Win + D | Minimize all open windows | | Win + Tab | Switch between open programs in the taskbar | | Win + R | Open the run window | | Win + L | Lock the computer |

The above listed shortcuts will work on any Windows computer, no matter the program you have open. There are other shortcuts that will work on specific programs like MS Word, Excel, and so on – but those are for another article.

Let's have a look at some helpful shortcuts for a few commonly used programs.

Microsoft Word keyboard shortcuts:

Microsoft Excel keyboard shortcuts:

Most of the key functions between MS Word and Excel are similar. So to avoid repetition of the same function keys, I will only list the ones which are not shared between the two applications:

The above listed keys are just a few of the most commonly used combinations. Hopefully from that list you will be able to figure out a new helpful shortcut which you didn't already know.

The list is quite long and I appreciate you reading through it.

If you have read this far, thank you!

Connect with me on Twitter | Insta | YouTube | LinkedIn | GitHub

Do share your valuable opinion, I appreciate your honest feedback!

Enjoy Coding ❤

A brief analysis of learning to touch-type

My recent observations of “humans with keyboards” motivated me to write this post. Observations like a relative typing in a belabored “hunt and peck” style at the keyboard. Or a friend proclaiming he “typed more proficiently with two fingers than ten.” The conversations I had around this topic ended in strong opinions without an agreement of learning the skill efficiently.

Of course, typing style is a personal choice. No one will ever force you to do it differently. Those who are curious identify, and discover choice. My curiosity set me off on a diversion of improving my typing. The questions to myself were “With all these years behind the keyboard, how does my own style measure up? Can I do better?”

This post explores my typing style and a trial on learning touch-typing with speed and error measurements. I’ll conclude on what touch typing feels like and why I may not switch from my self-taught typing strategy.

Motivation

With twenty years behind the keyboard, I perceive my own typing style as embarrassingly inefficient and clumsy. I can measure this opinion on numerous factors.

• I do not use all of the available fingers.
• My hands float and move significantly to find keys.
• I look at the keyboard to realign my position.

From these points of my self taught typing strategy, I’ll label it as it looks: float typing. I have a sense that my speed is decent but do not have a precise measurement. Let’s find out.

My typing baseline

To measure, we need a tool. I chose the website keybr.com to perform typing measurements on speed and error rate. What I liked about keybr is its no-nonsense learning. No typing games. It has algorithms that detect weakness in learning keys. Samples of commonly strung letters in the English language are recorded. The user interface is clear, straightforward, and the statistics are excellent.

One sample capture from keybr.com.

I started with my typical style of typing. At best, my float typing predominantly uses both index fingers and sometimes middle fingers. Thumbs are on the spacebar. I utilize these six fingers where needed. My fingers do not feel the keys, but are proficient landing on the right keys. The hands fly across the keyboard as I type. I look at the keyboard if and when I cannot detect the next key’s position.

Let’s look at my relative typing speed first.

Speed of float typing.

The lines marked in red are my average and top typing speeds. Here, my average typing speed is 60 wpm (words per minute). The green graph is based on all other users that are sampled at keybr. From their perspective, my average speed is in the 89th percentile and my top speed is at 95%.

Graph of float typing baseline.

Above, we can see the course of 132 samples taken over the course of 35 minutes. I am comfortable with the length of this sampling since we see a steady line past 100 samples. Error rate and typing speed are generally consistent.

Fast/slow histogram on float typing.

Here, we can see over the course of 132 samples that my typing speed is generally “fast”, with points in time over certain keys that are “slow”. I chalk this up to unique word combinations that made me look down at the keyboard.

Touch-typing

My motivation above outlines all the reasons why I want to gain speed and reduce error rate. More fingers, less hand movement, and focus on the screen. After brief research, the only other style that addresses all three concerns is touch-typing.

Touch-typing is an efficient way to utilize all fingers at the keyboard. It helps minimize hand movement and decrease error rate. Touch-typing’s main purpose is to have eyes on the screen without looking at the keyboard. This is to focus clearly on content.

Okay, let’s take a look at my metrics around touch typing.

Average speed of touch typing.

As we can see above, my average is much lower at 37 wpm. What is interesting is my top speed is similar to the float typing baseline. As a stretch, we can say that my “top potential” is 70 wpm. This will require significant dedicated practice. However, I noticed that I began to flat line in speed and wobble in error rate.

Touch typing 25 days in.

Above is the graph of 1,200+ samples. This is 10 hours of practice over 25 days. We can see a plateau of error and typing speed. Over time, the average will improve as I continue at somewhere around 50–55 wpm. This falls short of my self taught typing strategy at 60 wpm. From keybr’s perspective, my average speed is in the 54th percentile and my top speed is at 92%.

Fast/slow histogram on touch typing.

As I become more confident in touch typing, each key becomes green and typing speed will improve. We can see here I had difficulty with R, S and D leading the tool to continually articulate on the left hand. There was also a good portion of time where Q was labored upon.

Relative miss frequency. Touch typing (green) versus float typing (purple). Lower is better.

Finally, we come to errors. The review of the hit/miss ratio or relative miss frequency per key is clear. The green bar is representative of touch-typing and the purple is float typing. The lower the bar, the better. Since I am learning, it is natural there is a higher tendency of missed keys with touch typing. Twenty of the 26 keys report a higher error count.

Touch-typing takeaways

The measures are clear. We can make an early conclusion. For me, there may not be a benefit in speed or error rate using touch typing. Apart from this, there are important takeaways to review.

It feels really good

Related to muscle memory, touch-typing proved that it provided a sensation of “feels good” when it came to improved identification of middle, ring and pinky articulation. For example, typing words that are close or contiguous produce good feelings over time. Examples of words like “were”, “wards”, and “sad” felt interesting. As numerous fingers “rolled” through the keys my dopamine peaked.

Finger muscle identification

Keybr picked up the weakness on my left and right hand extremities. My middle, ring, and pinky fingers hurt practice over practice. At first, it was very difficult for me to type sequences like “as” and identify keys like O versus I and finding P and Q. However, over time the identification of the individual fingers became easier. I also noticed that my extremity fingers felt more independent and had more individual clarity, especially middle versus ring finger.

Discipline with home keys

It was very difficult to understand my location on the keyboard so I forced myself to “find the bumps”. After every word I forcefully “reset” to the F and J bumps, felt them, then continued with the next word. This slowed me down.

Difficulty with keys closest to palms

A very interesting result of touch-typing is it minimizes the movement of hands and fingers in a horizontal fashion and focuses on the vertical. I notice that keys M and X commanded the hands to move somewhat downward, unnaturally. This could be due to the length of my middle fingers and the natural inclination that the fingers are pointing upward as I rested my palms.

Looking at the keys inflates numbers

I had a tendency to look at the keyboard when my hands began to stray from the home keys. Words that began with B and G made me look as I typed. As noted above, it was either stop in motion to find the bumps then go for the key or look quick and readjust. Sometimes the latter felt faster. Let’s prove this.

Planting my hands had a significant effect starting at sample 1,206.

At sample 1,206 I forced myself to keep my palms planted and never look at the keyboard. The result setback is seen above, as my speed dropped by 10 wpm and my error rate jumped. It was difficult to fight through it and hence this will be the next muscle memory hurdle. This action will be more difficult than discovering my middle, ring and pinky fingers from samples 1 through 650.

Conclusion

What we focus on, grows. Should this skill grow?

As I continue to practice I have found two modes of typing. If I want to type faster and with less errors, I choose float typing. When I want to feel good, both socially and from dopamine, I choose touch-typing.

I will continue to practice touch-typing but, looking over the data, it may not be for me. Heavy dedicated practice will be required to throw away my self typing strategy… float typing. My articulation may not grow enough to hit high speeds. This post gives me hope and this one takes that hope away.

What is your typing style like?