An important part of any programming language. Most times we need to do several operations on arrays, hence this article.

In this article, I would show you various methods of manipulating arrays in JavaScript [^^]

What are Arrays in JavaScript?

Before we proceed, you need to understand what arrays really mean.

In JavaScript, an array is a variable that is used to store different data types. It basically stores different elements in one box and can be later assesssed with the variable.

Declaring an array:

let myBox = [];   // Initial Array declaration in JS

Arrays can contain multiple data types

let myBox = ['hello', 1, 2, 3, true, 'hi'];

Arrays can be manipulated by using several actions known as methods. Some of these methods allow us to add, remove, modify and do lots more to arrays.

I would be showing you a few in this article, let’s roll :)

NB: I used Arrow functions in this post, If you don’t know what this means, you should read here. Arrow function is an ES6 feature.

toString()

The JavaScript method toString() converts an array to a string separated by a comma.

let colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue'];

console.log(colors.toString()); // green,yellow,blue

join()

The JavaScript join() method combines all array elements into a string.

It is similar to toString() method, but here you can specify the separator instead of the default comma.

let colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue'];

console.log(colors.join('-')); // green-yellow-blue

concat

This method combines two arrays together or add more items to an array and then return a new array.

let firstNumbers = [1, 2, 3];
let secondNumbers = [4, 5, 6];
let merged = firstNumbers.concat(secondNumbers);
console.log(merged); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

push()

This method adds items to the end of an array and changes the original array.

let browsers = ['chrome', 'firefox', 'edge'];
browsers.push('safari', 'opera mini');
console.log(browsers); 
// ["chrome", "firefox", "edge", "safari", "opera mini"]

pop()

This method removes the last item of an array and returns it.

let browsers = ['chrome', 'firefox', 'edge'];
browsers.pop(); // "edge"
console.log(browsers); // ["chrome", "firefox"]

shift()

This method removes the first item of an array and returns it.

let browsers = ['chrome', 'firefox', 'edge'];
browsers.shift(); // "chrome"
console.log(browsers); // ["firefox", "edge"]

unshift()

This method adds an item(s) to the beginning of an array and changes the original array.

let browsers = ['chrome', 'firefox', 'edge'];
browsers.unshift('safari');
console.log(browsers); //  ["safari", "chrome", "firefox", "edge"]

You can also add multiple items at once

splice()

This method changes an array, by adding, removing and inserting elements.

The syntax is:

array.splice(index[, deleteCount, element1, ..., elementN])

  • **Index** here is the starting point for removing elements in the array

  • **deleteCount** is the number of elements to be deleted from that index

  • **element1, …, elementN** is the element(s) to be added

Removing items

after running splice() , it returns the array with the item(s) removed and removes it from the original array.

let colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'purple'];
colors.splice(0, 3);
console.log(colors); // ["purple"]
// deletes ["green", "yellow", "blue"]

NB: The deleteCount does not include the last index in range.

If the second parameter is not declared, every element starting from the given index will be removed from the array:

let colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'purple'];
colors.splice(3);
console.log(colors); // ["green", "yellow", "blue"]
// deletes ['purple']

In the next example we will remove 3 elements from the array and replace them with more items:

let schedule = ['I', 'have', 'a', 'meeting', 'tommorrow'];
// removes 4 first elements and replace them with another
schedule.splice(0, 4, 'we', 'are', 'going', 'to', 'swim');
console.log(schedule); 
// ["we", "are", "going", "to", "swim", "tommorrow"]

Adding items

To add items, we need to set the deleteCount to zero

let schedule = ['I', 'have', 'a', 'meeting', 'with'];
// adds 3 new elements to the array
schedule.splice(5, 0, 'some', 'clients', 'tommorrow');
console.log(schedule); 
// ["I", "have", "a", "meeting", "with", "some", "clients", "tommorrow"]

slice()

This method is similar to splice() but very different. It returns subarrays instead of substrings.

This method copies a given part of an array and returns that copied part as a new array. It does not change the original array.

The syntax is:

array.slice(start, end)

Here’s a basic example:

let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]
numbers.slice(0, 3)
// returns [1, 2, 3]
console.log(numbers) // returns the original array

The best way to use slice() is to assign it to a new variable.

let message = 'congratulations'
const abbrv = message.slice(0, 7) + 's!'; 
console.log(abbrv) // returns "congrats!"

split()

This method is used for strings. It divides a string into substrings and returns them as an array.

Here’s the syntax:string.split(separator, limit);

  • The **separator** here defines how to split a string either by a comma.

  • The **limit** determines the number of splits to be carried out

let firstName = 'Bolaji';
// return the string as an array
firstName.split() // ["Bolaji"]

another example:

let firstName = 'hello, my name is bolaji, I am a dev.';
firstName.split(',', 2); // ["hello", " my name is bolaji"]

NB: If we declare an empty array, like this firstName.split(''); then each item in the string will be divided as substrings:

let firstName = 'Bolaji';
firstName.split('') // ["B", "o", "l", "a", "j", "i"]

indexOf()

This method looks for an item in an array and returns the index where it was found else it returns -1

let fruits = ['apple', 'orange', false, 3]
fruits.indexOf('orange'); // returns 1
fruits.indexOf(3); // returns 3
friuts.indexOf(null); // returns -1 (not found)

lastIndexOf()

This method works the same way indexOf() does except that it works from right to left. It returns the last index where the item was found

let fruits = ['apple', 'orange', false, 3, 'apple']
fruits.lastIndexOf('apple'); // returns 4

filter()

This method creates a new array if the items of an array pass a certain condition.

The syntax is:

let results = array.filter(function(item, index, array) {
  // returns true if the item passes the filter
});

Example:

Checks users from Nigeria

const countryCode = ['+234', '+144', '+233', '+234'];
const nigerian = countryCode.filter( code => code === '+234');
console.log(nigerian); // ["+234", "+234"]

map()

This method creates a new array by manipulating the values in an array.

Example:

Displays usernames on a page. (Basic friend list display)

const userNames = ['tina', 'danny', 'mark', 'bolaji'];
const display = userNames.map(item => {
return '<li>' + item + '</li>';
})
const render = '<ul>' + display.join('') + '</ul>';
document.write(render);

Image

another example:

// adds dollar sign to numbers
const numbers = [10, 3, 4, 6];
const dollars = numbers.map( number => '$' + number);
console.log(dollars);
// ['$10', '$3', '$4', '$6'];

reduce()

This method is good for calculating totals.

reduce() is used to calculate a single value based on an array.

let value = array.reduce(function(previousValue, item, index, array) {
  // ...
}, initial);

example:

To loop through an array and sum all numbers in the array up, we can use the for of loop.

const numbers = [100, 300, 500, 70];
let sum = 0;
for (let n of numbers) {
sum += n;
}
console.log(sum);

Here’s how to do same with reduce()

const numbers = [100, 300, 500, 70];
const sum = numbers.reduce((accummulator, value) =>
accummulator + value
, 0);
console.log(sum); // 970

If you omit the initial value, the total will by default start from the first item in the array.

const numbers = [100, 300, 500, 70];
const sum = numbers.reduce((accummulator, value) => accummulator + value);
console.log(sum); // still returns 970

The snippet below shows how the reduce() method works with all four arguments.

source: MDN Docs

Image

More insights into the reduce() method and various ways of using it can be found here and here.

forEach()

This method is good for iterating through an array.

It applies a function on all items in an array

const colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue'];
colors.forEach((item, index) => console.log(index, item));
// returns the index and the every item in the array
// 0 "green"
// 1 "yellow"
// 2 "blue"

iteration can be done without passing the index argument

const colors = ['green', 'yellow', 'blue'];
colors.forEach((item) => console.log(item));
// returns every item in the array
// "green"
// "yellow"
// "blue"

every()

This method checks if all items in an array pass the specified condition and returntrue if passed, else false.

check if all numbers are positive

const numbers = [1, -1, 2, 3];
let allPositive = numbers.every((value) => {
return value >= 0;
})
console.log(allPositive); // would return false

some()

This method checks if an item (one or more) in an array pass the specified condition and return true if passed, else false.

c_hecks if at least one number is positive_

const numbers = [1, -1, 2, 3];
let atLeastOnePositive = numbers.some((value) => {
return value >= 0;
})
console.log(atLeastOnePositive); // would return true

includes()

This method checks if an array contains a certain item. It is similar to .some(), but instead of looking for a specific condition to pass, it checks if the array contains a specific item.

let users = ['paddy', 'zaddy', 'faddy', 'baddy'];
users.includes('baddy'); // returns true

If the item is not found, it returns false

There are more array methods, this is just a few of them. Also, there are tons of other actions that can be performed on arrays, try checking MDN docs herefor deeper insights.

Summary

  • toString() converts an array to a string separated by a comma.

  • join() combines all array elements into a string.

  • concat combines two arrays together or add more items to an array and then return a new array.

  • push() adds item(s) to the end of an array and changes the original array.

  • pop() removes the last item of an array and returns it

  • shift() removes the first item of an array and returns it

  • unshift() adds an item(s) to the beginning of an array and changes the original array.

  • splice() changes an array, by adding, removing and inserting elements.

  • slice() copies a given part of an array and returns that copied part as a new array. It does not change the original array.

  • split() divides a string into substrings and returns them as an array.

  • indexOf() looks for an item in an array and returns the index where it was found else it returns -1

  • lastIndexOf() looks for an item from right to left and returns the last index where the item was found.

  • filter() creates a new array if the items of an array pass a certain condition.

  • map() creates a new array by manipulating the values in an array.

  • reduce() calculates a single value based on an array.

  • forEach() iterates through an array, it applies a function on all items in an array

  • every() checks if all items in an array pass the specified condition and return true if passed, else false.

  • some() checks if an item (one or more) in an array pass the specified condition and return true if passed, else false.

  • includes() checks if an array contains a certain item.

Let’s wrap it here; Arrays are powerful and using methods to manipulate them creates the Algorithms real-world applications use.

Let's do a create a small function, one that converts a post title into a urlSlug.

URL slug is the exact address of a specific page or post on your site.

When you write an article on Freecodecamp News or any other writing platform, your post title is automatically converted to a slug with white spaces removed, characters turned to lowercase and each word in the title separated by a hyphen.

Here’s a basic function that does that using some of the methods we learnt just now.

const url = 'https://bolajiayodeji.com/'
const urlSlug = (postTitle) => {
let postUrl = postTitle.toLowerCase().split(' ');
let postSlug = `${url}` + postUrl.join('-');
return postSlug;
}
let postTitle = 'Introduction to Chrome Lighthouse'
console.log(urlSlug(postTitle));
// https://bolajiayodeji.com/introduction-to-chrome-lighthouse

in postUrl, we convert the string to lowercase then we use the **split()**method to convert the string into substrings and returns it in an array

["introduction", "to", "chrome", "lighthouse"]

in post slug we join the returned array with a hyphen and then concatenate it to the category string and main url.

let postSlug = `${url}` + postUrl.join('-');
postUrl.join('-') // introduction-to-chrome-lighthouse

That’s it, pretty simple, right? :)

If you’re just getting started with JavaScript, you should check this repository here, I’m compiling a list of basic JavaScript snippets ranging from

  • Arrays

  • Control flow

  • Functions

  • Objects

  • Operators

Don’t forget to Star and share! :)

PS: This article was first published on my blog here